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The Christian cross had been used as a symbol of Christianity from Late Antiquity. Beginning in the 11th century, and increasingly during the age of the Crusades, a variety of variant forms of cross symbols were developed for the purposes of the emerging system of heraldry. The cross symbol was also used on flags from the medieval period, and in modern times also on numerous national flags. ==History== Heraldry emerges in the 12th century out of earlier traditions. The Christian cross is one of the earliest and most widespread heraldic charges, dating back to the field signs used in the First Crusade, and used to distinguish the various noble crusaders from at least the Second Crusade. In 1188, Henry II of England and Philip II of France agreed to launch the Third Crusade together, and that Henry would use a white cross and Philip a red cross. The red-on-white cross came to be used by the Knights Templar, and the white-on-red one by the Knights Hospitaller (also white-on-black); the Teutonic Order used a black-on white version. The basic variants of the red-on-white (termed the Cross of Saint George) and the white-on-red crusaders' cross were continued independently in the flags of various polities in the 13th and 14th century, including Genoa. Trier, Constance and England〔Red crosses seem to have been used as a distinguishing mark worn by English soldiers from the reign of Edward I (1270s). Perrin (1922) concludes that the introduction of the Cross of St George as a "national emblem" is originally due to Edward I. By 1300, there was also a greater "banner of St George", but not yet in a prominent function; the king used it among several banners of saints alongside the royal banner. "Among the greater banners that of St George was not as yet supreme; it was indeed only one of four, for when the Castle of Carlaverock was taken in the year 1300: ''Puis fist le roy porter amont / Sa baniere et la Seint Eymont / La Seint George et la Seint Edwart '' ()" Perrin 1922, p. 37 "The first step towards the promotion of St George to a position of predominance seems to be due to Edward III, who in gratitude for his supposed help at the Battle of Cregy founded the Chapel of St George at Windsor in 1348." Perrin 1922, pp. 37f. Perrin (1922), ''British Flags'', (p. 37 ) 〕 on one hand; and Savoy, the war flag of the Holy Roman Empire and (possibly from the latter) Switzerland and Denmark on the other. A roll of arms of the 13th century (the reign of Henry III of England) lists the coats of arms of various noblemen distinguished by crosses of different tinctures: *''Le Conte de Norffolk, d'or a ung crois de goulez'' (viz. red on gold) *''Piers de Sauvoye, goules ung crois d'argent'' (white on red) *''Robert de Veer d'argent a la crois de goulz'' (red on white) Glover's Roll (British Museum Add MS 29796), a 16th-century copy of a roll of arms of the 1250s has depictions of various heraldic crosses, including the ''or a cross gules'' of the earl of Norfolk, ''gules, a cross argent'' of Peter of Savoy, ''argent a cross gules'' of Robert de Veer, ''gules a cross flory vair'' of Guillaume de Forz, Comte d'Aumale, ''gules a cross fleury argent'' of Guillaume Vescy, ''gules a cross saltire engrele'' of Fulke de Escherdestone, ''argent a cross fleury azure'' of John Lexington, ''azure three crosses or'' of William de Sarren, ''or a cross gules, five scallops argent'' of Ralph Bigod, ''gules a cross fourchy argent'' of Gilbert de Vale, ''argent a cross fleury sable'' of John Lamplowe, ''or a cross saltire gules, a chief gules'' of Robert de Brus, ''gules a cross saltire argent'' of Robert de Neville, ''or a cross voided gules'' of Hamond (Robert) de Crevecoeur, and ''azure a cross or, four lions rampant or'' of Baudouin Dakeney. In addition, the Glover Roll has ''semy of crosses crosslet'' as a tincture in several coats of arms.〔T.D. Tremlett, 'Rolls of Arms of Henri III' in ''Aspilogia'' II, Society of Antiquaries of London (1958).()〕 The desire to distinguish one's coat of arms from others led to a period of substantial innovation in producing variants of the basic Christian cross by the early 14th century (in England, the reign of Edward II). The great number of variants of crosses, and the deep history of such variants (going back to the 14th century or earlier) results in confusing and often contradictory terminology.〔 "heraldic writers have in their ingenuity multiplied the forms. In giving a summary of the chief forms only we are met with the difficulty of many synonyms occurring, for practically the same form is often much varied by incorrect drawing, and much confusion has arisen from blunders of heraldic writers in misreading or misunderstanding the terms employed. The French terms are more varied still than the English, and the correlation of the two series can only be attempted approximately." James Parker, (''A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry'' (1894) )〕 In the heraldry of the Holy Roman Empire, the cross is comparatively rare in the coats of arms of noble families, presumably because the plain heraldic cross was seen as an imperial symbol (for the same reason, the eagle was rarely used as a charge because it represented the empire), but in the 14th century the plain cross is used in the seals and flags of several prince-bishoprics, including Trier, Constance and Cologne.〔The 14th-century Zürich armorial has no family coats of arms with crosses, but shows plain crosses in the flags of several cities, including Constance, Speier, Trier and Mainz.〕 Looking back on the crusades as the foundational period of knighthood, the badge of the cross became strongly associated with the idealized Christian knight of romance, as expressed by Spenser (''Faerie Queene'' book 1, canto 1): :"And on his brest a bloodie crosse he bore, :The deare remembrance of his dying Lord, :For whose sweete sake that glorious badge he wore, :And dead, as living ever, his ador'd: :Upon his shield the like was was scor'd. The black-on-white cross worn by the Teutonic Knights was granted by Innocent III in 1205. The coat of arms representing the grand master (''Deutschmeisterwappen'')〔The offices of ''Hochmeister'' (grand master, head of the order) and ''Deutschmeister'' (''Magister Germaniae'') were united in 1525. The title of ''Magister Germaniae'' had been introduced in 1219 as the head of the bailiwicks in the Holy Roman Empire, from 1381 also those in Italy, raised to the rank of a prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1494, but merged with the office of grand master under Walter von Cronberg in 1525, from which time the head of the order had the title of ''Hoch- und Deutschmeister''. (Bernhard Peter (2011) )〕 is shown with a golden cross fleury or cross potent superimposed on the black cross, with the imperial eagle as a central inescutcheon. The golden cross fleury overlaid on the black cross becomes widely used in the 15th century. A legendary account attributes its introduction to Louis IX of France, who on 20 August 1250 granted the master of the order this cross as a variation of the Jerusalem cross, with the fleur-de-lis symbol attached to each arm. While this legendary account cannot be traced back further than the early modern period (Christoph Hartknoch, 1684) there is some evidence that the design does indeed date to the mid 13th century.〔 Helmut Nickel, "Über das Hochmeisterwappen des Deutschen Ordens im Heiligen Lande", ''Der Herold'' 4/1990, 97–108 ((mgh-bibliothek.de )). Marie-Luise Heckmann, "Überlegungen zu einem heraldischen Repertorium an Hand der Hochmeisterwappen des Deutschen Ordens" in: Matthias Thumser, Janusz Tandecki, Dieter Heckmann (eds.) ''Edition deutschsprachiger Quellen aus dem Ostseeraum (14.-16. Jahrhundert)'', Publikationen des Deutsch-Polnischen Gesprächskreises für Quellenedition. Publikacje Niemiecko-Polskiej Grupy Dyskusyjnej do Spraw Edycij Zrodel 1, 2001, 315–346 ((online edition )). "Die zeitgenössische Überlieferung verdeutlicht für dieses Wappen hingegen einen anderen Werdegang. Der Modelstein eines Schildmachers, der unter Hermann von Salza zwischen 1229 und 1266 auf der Starkenburg (Montfort) im Heiligen Land tätig war, und ein rekonstruiertes Deckengemälde in der Burgkapelle derselben Festung erlaubten der Forschung den Schluss, dass sich die Hochmeister schon im 13. Jahrhundert eines eigenen Wappens bedient hätten. Es zeigte ein auf das schwarze Ordenskreuz aufgelegtes goldenes Lilienkreuz mit dem bekannten Adlerschildchen. Die Wappensiegel des Elbinger Komturs von 1310 bzw. 1319, ein heute in Innsbruck aufbewahrter Vortrageschild des Hochmeisters Karl von Trier von etwa 1320 und das schlecht erhaltene Sekretsiegel desselben Hochmeisters von 1323 sind ebenfalls jeweils mit aufgelegtem goldenem Lilienkreuz ausgestattet."〕 The black cross patty was later used for military decoration and insignia by the Kingdom of Prussia and gave rise to the cross patty in the German ''Reichskriegsflagge'' and the Iron Cross and Pour le Mérite orders. The Nordic cross is an 18th-century innovation derived from cross flags adapted as swallow-tailed (or triple-tailed) pennons used as civil ensigns; the first official introduction of such a flag was in a regulation of 11 June 1748 describing the Danish civil ensign (''Koffardiflaget'') for merchant ships. The Danish design was adopted for the flags of Norway (civil ensign 1821) and Sweden (1906), both derived from a common ensign used during the Union between Sweden and Norway 1818–1844, Iceland (1915) and Finland (1917). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Crosses in heraldry」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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